how grignard reagent is dependent upon the nature of R?​

How Grignard Reagent Is Dependent Upon The Nature Of R?

Answers

Answer 1

Explanation:

Haloalkanes and other compounds with the halogen atom bonded to either sp3-hybridized or sp2-hybridized carbon atoms (aryl and vinyl halides) react with magnesium metal to yield organomagnesium halides called Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are usually prepared in diethyl ether (CH3CH2O─CH2CH3). An ether solvent is essential for the reaction. The French chemist Victor Grignard discovered this reaction in 1900, and it has been studied and used extensively ever since.

Grignard reagents form easily from 1°, 2°, and 3° alkyl halides, although their reactivities differ. Aryl and vinyl halides react somewhat more slowly, and the cyclic ether tetrahydrofuran (THF) is required to prepare Grignard reagents of these compounds. The higher boiling point of the cyclic ether provides more vigorous reaction conditions, but the rate of the reaction also increases because THF solvates the Grignard reagent better than diethyl ether.

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Molecular model of a complex of methyl-magnesium chloride, a Grignard reagent, in which two molecules of tetrahydrofuran, THF, are bound to magnesium. The model is based on the crystal structure.

The order of reactivity of the halogens in haloalkanes is I > Br > CI > > F. Organofluorides are so unreactive that they are never used to prepare Grignard reagents. Organohalogen compounds containing bromine and chlorine are readily available, and are commonly used to prepare Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are used synthetically to form new carbon–carbon bonds. A Grignard reagent has a very polar carbon–magnesium bond in which the carbon atom has a partial negative charge and the metal a partial positive charge.

The polarity of the carbon–magnesium bond is opposite that of the carbon–halogen bond of haloalkanes. Because the carbon atom in a Grignard reagent has a partial negative charge, it resembles a carbanion, and it reacts with electrophilic centers such as the carbonyl carbon atom of aldehydes, ketones, and esters. We will discuss this chemistry extensively in later chapters.

Grignard reagents react rapidly with acidic hydrogen atoms in molecules such as alcohols and water. When a Grignard reagent reacts with water, a proton replaces the halogen, and the product is an alkane. The Grignard reagent therefore provides a pathway for converting a haloalkane to an alkane in two steps.


Related Questions


Consider the following balanced equation:
2KCIO3 → 2KCl + 302
How many grams of O2 will be obtained by decomposing
98.1 grams of KClO3?
Оа
38.4 grams
b
17.1 grams
Ос
25.6 grams
76.8 grams

Answers

Answer:

A. 38.4 [gr].

Explanation:

all the details are provided in the attachment, the answer is marked with orange colour.

Given the following equation: NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H2O. Calculate the mass of water produced when 80.0 g of NaOH react with excess HCl.

Answers

Answer:

36 grams

Explanation:

Na    22.989

O       15.999

H     1.008          total  39.996   gm per mole

80 grams    is    80 / 39.996 = ~ 2 moles

From the equation each mole of NaOH used results in ONE mole of H2O

   so you will get two moles of H20

       (1.008 *2 + 15.999)   * 2 =  ~ 36 gm

Which foods are examples of complex carbohydrates? (Select all that apply.)

Answers

Answer:

Here all the given options are examples of complex carbohydrates.

Explanation:

As all these contains sugar, starch and fibre.

Question 10 of 25
How many total electrons can the p orbitals hold?
O A. 2
B. 3
C. 6
D. 10
SUBM

Answers

Answer:

[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf C. \ 6}[/tex]

Explanation:

Orbitals:

Wave function that describes the location, electronic cloud and wave-like properties of an electron is called an orbital.

Types:

There are 4 types of main orbitals.

s orbital (can accommodate 2 electrons)p orbital (can accommodate 6 electrons)d orbital (can accommodate 10 electrons)f orbital (can accommodate 14 electrons)

[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]

Pumice is a volcanic rock that contains many trapped air bubbles. A 225- gram sample is occupied 236.6ml.
a. What is the density of pumice (answer is 0.951g/ml)

Answers

to find:

density of the pumice.

solution:

density= mass/ volume (d= m/v)

= 225/236.6

= 0.951g/ml

so, the density of pumice is 0.951g/ml.

[tex]{\boxed{{ formula :}}} [/tex]

[tex] →\bold{Density = \frac{mass}{volume} }[/tex]

[tex]{\boxed{{ Given :}}} [/tex]

[tex]→\bold{Mass = 225 g }[/tex]

[tex]→\bold{ Volume = 236.6 ml}[/tex]

[tex]{\boxed{{ Solution :}}} [/tex]

[tex]→\bold{Density = \frac{mass}{volume} }[/tex]

[tex]→\bold{ Density = \cancel{ \frac{225 g}{236.6 ml}} = 0.951 g/ml}[/tex]

The density of pumice is 0.951 g/ ml .

Question 6 of 10
Which two reactions are faster than the others?
A. Iron metal reacts with oxygen in air to form rust.
B. Black powder in fireworks burns explosively to produce gases
and white light
c. Lead nitrate and potassium iodide react to form a yellow
precipitate.
D. Silver tarnishes in air that contains hydrogen sulfide.

Answers

Answer:The answer is B and CCC

Explanation:

Out of the given chemical changes, the two reactions which are faster are those mentioned in B and C as formation of rust and tarnishing of silver are slow reactions.

What are chemical changes?

Chemical changes are defined as changes which occur when a substance combines with another substance to form a new substance.Alternatively, when a substance breaks down or decomposes to give new substances it is also considered to be a chemical change.

There are several characteristics of chemical changes like change in color, change in state , change in odor and change in composition . During chemical change there is also formation of precipitate an insoluble mass of substance or even evolution of gases.

There are three types of chemical changes:

1) inorganic changes

2)organic changes

3) biochemical changes

During chemical changes atoms are rearranged and changes are accompanied by an energy change as new substances are formed.

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Label the equivalence point on the graph of pH versus volume of the titration of a strong acid and strong base shown below
no bots please!

a. What volume of base was needed to neutralize the acid?
b. What is the pH at the equivalence point?
c. How does the number of moles of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions compare at the
equivalence point?

Answers

For C, they would be the same. At the equivalence, you have equal moles of both the acid and the base.

A diverâs backup oxygen tank reads 900 mm Hg while on her boat, where the temperature is 27 degrees C. When she dives down to the bottom of an unexplored methane lake on a recently discovered moon of Neptune, the temperature will drop to -183 degrees C. What will the pressure in her backup tank be at that temperature?

Answers

Taking into account the Gay Lussac's law, the pressure in the backup tank at -183 °C is 270 mmHg.

Gay Lussac's law

Gay Lussac's law establishes the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas when the volume is constant.

This law says that the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its temperature: when there is a constant volume, as the temperature increases, the pressure of the gas increases. And when the temperature is decreased, gas pressure decreases.

Mathematically, Gay-Lussac's law states that the ratio between pressure and temperature has the same value:

[tex]\frac{P}{T} =k[/tex]

Studying an initial state 1 and a final state 2, it is fulfilled:

[tex]\frac{P1}{T1} =\frac{P2}{T2}[/tex]

Pressure in the backup tank

In this case, you know:

P1= 900 mmHgT1= 27 C= 300 K (being 0C= 273 K)P2= ?T2= -183 C= 90 K

Replacing in the Gay-Lussac's law:

[tex]\frac{900 mH}{300 K} =\frac{P2}{90 K}[/tex]

Solving:

[tex]P2=90K\frac{900 mH}{300 K}[/tex]

P2=270 mmHg

Finally, the pressure in the backup tank at -183 °C is 270 mmHg.

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Distinguish between single and double replacement reactions and give an example of
each.

Answers

Answer:

Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones, while catabolism breaks large molecules into smaller ones.

Explanation:

i need help ..........

Answers

Answer:

E

Explanation:

The problem with choices A B C D is that the molecular balance numbers are incorrect. E is the only one correctly balanced. For example in A is balanced as

3Mg + 2H2O ===> 3Mg0 + 2H2

The Mg's are correctly balanced.

So are the hydrogens. But take a look at the 0xygens. There are 2 on the left and 3 on the right. The equation is not balanced correctly. B and C have the same problem. One of elements is not balanced correctly.

."A ternary covalent compound consists of 3 types of nonmetallic elements in its chemical formula." Which is NOT an example of a ternary covalent compound ? A. Ozone (03)
B. Sucrose (C12H22011)
C. Carbonic acid (H2C03)
D. Ammonium sulfide (NH4)2s

Answers

the answer is a hope this helps

HELP FAST!! BRAINLIEST!
Boron-10 is commonly used as a control rod for nuclear reactors because it absorbs _______ and releases an alpha particle and a lithium-7 nuclide.
A. a neutron
b. a gamma ray
c. an electron
d. a protron

Answers

Your answer is A. a neutron

A rod, plate, or tube containing a material such as hafnium, boron, etc., used to control the power of a nuclear reactor. By absorbing neutrons, a control rod prevents the neutrons from causing further fissions.

Answer:

A. a neutron

Explanation:

Boron-10 is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to the high neutron cross section of isotope 10B.

hope this helps!

What is the most commonly preferred pH range for soil?

Group of answer choices

7.5 to 9.0

6.2 to 7.0

3.2 to 4.5

Answers

Answer:

6.2 to 7.0

Explanation:

The “ideal” soil pH is close to neutral, and neutral soils are considered to fall within a range from a slightly acidic pH of 6.2-6.5 to slightly alkaline pH of 7.0-7.5. It has been determined that most plant nutrients are optimally available to plants within this 6.5 to 7.5 pH range, plus this range of pH is generally very compatible to plant root growth.

:-befrank

Which phrase describes a dipole moment? (1 point)
the separation of positive and negative charges

the vibration of a molecule

the imbalance of positive and negative charges

the releasing of energy from a molecule

Which statement best summarizes the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? (1 point)

The atmosphere is mostly non-greenhouse gases, so the small amount of greenhouse gases have little impact on climate

The atmosphere has recently changed and is mostly greenhouse gases, but they have little impact on climate

The atmosphere is mostly non-greenhouse gases, but the small amount of greenhouse gases have a large impact on climate

The atmosphere has recently changed and is mostly greenhouse gases, which have a large impact on climate

Which observed consequence is due to increased production of greenhouse gases? (1 point)

more glaciers

global cooling

melted ice caps

fewer floods

Are greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect ever beneficial? Why or why not? (1 point)

No, greenhouse gases are a result of air pollution, which is detrimental to the environment.

Yes, industries need to consume greenhouse gases to help people keep their standard of living

No, too many greenhouse gases cause the planet to retain too much heat.

Yes, the greenhouse effect keeps the planet warm enough to support life.

Which molecule acts as a greenhouse gas? (1 point)

nitric oxide (NO)

oxygen (0₂)

nitrous oxide (N₂O)

nitrogen (N₂)​

Answers

Answer:

1. the imbalance of positive and negative charges.

Explanation

The electric dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system, that is, a measure of the system's overall polarity.

2.The atmosphere has recently changed and is mostly greenhouse gases, which have a large impact on climate

Explanation.

They cause climate change by trapping heat, and they also contribute to respiratory disease from smog and air pollution. Extreme weather, food supply disruptions, and increased wildfires are other effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gases.

3.melted ice caps

explanation

A stronger greenhouse effect will warm the ocean and partially melt glaciers and ice sheets, increasing sea level. Ocean water also will expand if it warms overexcessively.

4.Yes, the greenhouse effect keeps the planet warm enough to support life.

Explanation

The greenhouse effect is a good thing. It warms the planet to its comfortable average of 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) and keeps life on earth, well, livable. Without it the world would be a frozen, uninhabitable place, more like Mars.

5.nitrous oxide.

Explanation

There are several different types of greenhouse gases. The major ones are carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gas molecules all are made of three or more atoms. The atoms are held together loosely enough that they vibrate when they absorb heat.

The phrase which  describes a dipole moment is the separation of positive and negative charges,the  statement best summarizes the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere , the atmosphere is mostly non-greenhouse gases, but the small amount of greenhouse gases in an ecosystem have a large impact on climate.

What is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem is defined as a system which consists of all living organisms and the physical components with which the living beings interact. The abiotic and biotic components are linked to each other through nutrient cycles and flow of energy.

Energy enters the system through the process of photosynthesis .Animals play an important role in transfer of energy as they feed on each other.As a result of this transfer of matter and energy takes place through the system .The more glaciers is the consequence is due to increased production of greenhouse gases.The greenhouse effect keeps the planet warm enough to support life. Nitrous oxide molecule acts as a greenhouse gas.

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A pure sample of a monoprotic acid is dissolved in water. the sample is titrated with sodium hydroxide solution. at the point where 20.0 ml of the naoh solution has been added, the ph is 4.15. the phenolphthalein endpoint of the titration is observed when 50.0 ml of naoh have been added. what is the pka of the acid

Answers

Answer:

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Explanation:

What is a bifurcation?

Answers

[tex]\qquad \qquad \huge \pink {\sf{☁Answer☁}} \\ \\ [/tex]

A division into two branchesAny place where one thing divides into two.

[tex]\rule{70mm}{2.2pt}[/tex][tex]\sf{\:мѕнαcкεя\: ♪...}[/tex]

How did Mesosaurus fossils get separated?
First, state your claim about how the Mesosaurus fossils got separated. Then, use evidence to support your claim. For each piece of evidence you use, explain how the evidence supports your claim. I need 2 reasoning and two pieces of evidence. help l will give you 15 points if they answer this now!

Answers

Answer: try thinking with your eyes close

Explanation:

How are fluids used and controlled in manufactured devices?

Answers

Answer:

Fluid power systems perform work by a pressurized fluid bearing directly on a piston in a cylinder or in a fluid motor. A fluid cylinder produces a force resulting in linear motion, whereas a fluid motor produces torque resulting in rotary motion. Within a fluid power system, cylinders and motors (also called actuators) do the desired work. Control components such as valves regulate the system.

Why is Seabrook Station the only nuclear power plant in New Hampshire?

Answers

Well there can be a number of reasons one New Hampshire is a small state number two it has slot of natural wild life and number three nuclear pollutants are bad for all I listed above

An atom that has 84 protons and 86 neutrons undergoes a reaction. At the end of the reaction, it has 82 protons and 84 neutrons. What happened to the atom? It accepted radiation in a chemical reaction. It donated neutrons to another atom in a chemical reaction. It emitted an alpha particle in a nuclear reaction. It released a beta particle in a nuclear reaction.

Answers

Answer:

C

Explanation:

It denotes a loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons for the atom. As a result, the atom released an alpha particle, which is composed of two protons and two neutrons, hence option C is correct.

What is an alpha particle?

The structure of alpha particles, also known as alpha rays or alpha radiation, is similar to that of the helium-4 nucleus and is made up of two protons and two neutrons bonded together.

They often result from the alpha decay process, although they can also result from other processes.

If an atom has 84 protons and 86 neutrons, after the reaction, the atom has 82 protons and 84 neutrons, it suggests that the atom has lost 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

Therefore, the atom emitted an alpha particle in a nuclear reaction, hence option C is correct.

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What is the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure?

Answers

Answer:

about 100 degrees Celsius

Explanation:

i dont cap

A meteorite is found to contain two isotopes of element X, X-12, and X-14. Experimental analysis determined 95% of the element is isotope X-12, whereas 5% of the element is isotope X-14. What is the average atomic mass of element X?
Select one:

12.0 amu

14.0 amu

12.1 amu

13.0 amu

Answers

Considering the definition of atomic mass, isotopes and atomic mass of an element, the atomic mass of the element is 12.1 amu.

Definition of atomic mass

First of all, the atomic mass (A) is obtained by adding the number of protons and neutrons in a given nucleus of a chemical element.

Definition of isotope

The same chemical element can be made up of different atoms, that is, their atomic numbers are the same, but the number of neutrons is different. These atoms are called isotopes of the element.

Definition of atomic mass

On the other hand, the atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of its natural isotopes.

In other words, the atomic masses of chemical elements are usually calculated as the weighted average of the masses of the different isotopes of each element, taking into account the relative abundance of each of them.

Atomic mass of the element in this case

In this case, the first isotope has an atomic mass of 12 amu and a percent natural abundance of 95 %. The second isotope has an atomic mass of 14 amu and a percent natural abundance of 5 %.

Then, the average mass can be calculated as:

12 amu×0.95 + 14 amu×0.05= 12.1 amu

Finally, the atomic mass of the element is 12.1 amu.

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407 grams of al2o3 to moles?​

Answers

Answer:

3.99 moles Al₂O₃

Explanation:

The molar mass (g/mol) is used to convert between grams and moles. This value is calculated by taking the individual element molar masses from the periodic table, multiplying them by the corresponding subscripts, then adding them together. Al is 26.98 g/mol and has a subscript of 2. O is 16.00 g/mol and has a subscript of 3. So, the molar mass of Al₂O₃ is 101.96 g/mol.

2(26.98 g/mol) + 3(16.00 g/mol) =  101.96 g/mol

Since it is 101.96 grams PER one mole, the 101.96 is beside grams in the ratio. When setting up the conversion, you want grams in the demoninator (molar mass ratio) to cancel out the grams in the numerator (given value). Since the given number has 3 significant figures, the answer should also have 3 significant figures.

407 grams Al₂O₃          1  mole Al₂O₃
--------------------------  x   --------------------  = 3.99 moles Al₂O₃
                                     101.96 grams

Which of the following occurs when sodium and chlorine bond together to form sodium

A chlorine atom gains an electron from a sodium atom

A chlorine atom gains a proton from a sodium atom.

A chlorine atom donates a proton to a sodium atom.

A chlorine atom donates an electron to a sodium atom.

Answers

(a) chlorine gains an electron from a sodium atom

If 2.00 grams of zinc are added to an excess of hydrochloric acid,
what is the volume, in liters, of hydrogen gas is produced?

Answers

Answer:

Zinc metal reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas

Explanation: Acording to the following equation:

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

The product gas, H2, is collected over water at a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 753 mm Hg. If the wet H2 gas formed occupies a volume of 5.39 L, the number of moles of Zn reacted was  mol. The vapor pressure of water is 17.5 mm Hg at 20 °C.

The jet stream is one of the key winds that moves air masses. in which direction does the jet stream in the united state generally move air masses?

Answers

The jet stream is one of the key winds that moves air masses at the direction from west to east it moves.

What are jet streams?

Jet streams are strong winds which are flow in the form of narrow bands in the upper part of the atmosphere. On the earth these winds are flows near the altitude of the tropopause. These winds carries weather systems and blows toward the colder northern air and due to the rotation of earth, its direction is from west to east.

Hence jet streams move winds from west to east direction.

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Answer: From west to east.

Explanation:

From the video " Are Wormholes The Answer To Time Travel?", how are worm holes described?

Answers

In the video "Are Wormholes The Answer To Time Travel?"Wormholes have been described as hypothetical space-time tunnels or bridges connecting two different locations in space-time allowing faster-than-light travel or perhaps time travel.

What does the video for "Are Wormholes the Answer to Time Travel" Say?

Investigating the question of whether wormholes can be used for time travel is "Are wormholes the answer to time travel?" The film explains that wormholes are hypothetical constructs that can join two different points in space-time, allowing travel faster than the speed of light and even time travel.

The video discusses the characteristics of wormholes, including their size, shape, and possible existence. In the film, several ideas and models, such as Einstein's theory of general relativity and the idea of ​​negative energy, have been put forward by physicists and other scientists to explain the potential of wormholes.

Therefore, in the video "Are Wormholes The Answer To Time Travel?"Wormholes have been described as hypothetical space-time tunnels or bridges connecting two different locations in space-time allowing faster-than-light travel or perhaps time travel.

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Balance the equation first.

N2 + H2 -> NH3

a) Find how many moles of NH3 are produced when 4.9 moles of N2 are completely reacted with hydrogen.

b) how many moles of H2 are required to produce 59.4 moles of NH3?

Answers

Answer:  

Therefore, 12 moles of hydrogen makes 8 moles of ammonia.

Using the proportions of the amount of the molecules, we can convert from any reagent or product to any other reagent or product. In the context of this reaction, for every mole of N2 and every 3 moles of H2 we obtain 2 moles of NH3.

Explanation:

;)’ hola

Can animals detect radio waves

Answers

Answer:

No.

Explanation:

No organism can detect X-rays or radio waves

Answer:

no

Explanation:

Many animals, including vampire bats and certain fish and snake species, are able to sense infrared radiation, but this only goes up to wavelengths of 1mm. Longer wavelengths carry much less energy and can't be detected without some kind of resonator to amplify the signal.

Which statement is true about a reversible reaction?

A. It has equal mass of all reactants.
B. It produces salts from acids and bases.
C. It has equal number of products and reactants.
D. It results in an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products.

Answers

The answer is D. Anytime you see a reversible arrow you need to think about equilibrium.

Answer:

D. it results in an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products

Explanation:

took the test

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