Answer:
this is an Oxidation-reduction
Explanation:
like is w reducing agent, N2 is an oxidizing agent
Hello, do these calculations using table 1 look correct? Thank you
Table 1.
Sugar (Sucrose) Data
Mass of unchewed gum 3.7 (g)
Mass of chewed gum 2.0 (g)
Mass of sugar 1.7 (g)
Percent sugar
46%
Post-Lab Questions
1. What is the percent sugar? Show your calculations.
mass of sugar (1.7) ÷ mass of unchewed gum ( 3.7) × 100 = 45.94 (46%)
2. What is the molar mass of sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)? Show your calculations.
C=12×12=144
H=1×22=22
O=16×11=176
To get the molar mass of the entire compound you, 144 + 22 + 176 = 342 g/mol
3. Convert the mass of dissolved sugar to moles. Show your calculations.
1.7 g ÷ 342 g/mol = 0.00497 moles
4. Convert the moles of sugar to molecules of sugar. Show your calculations.
0.00497 mole × 6.022 × 10^23 = 2.992934 × 10^21 molecules
5. Imagine that you used four pieces of gum instead of two. Calculate the number of moles. Show your calculations.
In theory, assuming the sticks of gum were exactly the same mass and sugar content, the moles would double.
2 ÷ 342 g/mol × 1.7 = 0.00994 moles
6. How does the mass of the saliva alter the experimental data?
It is impossible to blot off all the saliva with a paper towel because the gum sticks to the paper, so it adds more mass to the chewed gum and therefore alters the amount and percent of sugar calculations.
Answer:
yes it does look correct. good job.
Post- lab the percent sugar 46%, and the molar mass of sugar is 342 g/mol, the mass of dissolved sugar to moles is 0.00497 moles of sugar to molecules of sugar is 2.992934 × 10^21 molecules, assuming the sticks of gum were exactly the same mass and sugar content, the moles would double 0.00994 moles.
What are moles?moles is the unit of the molecule and it is defined as the number of molecules participating in a chemical reaction and value of one mole is equal to Avogadro constant that is 2.303 × 10²³
Sugar percentage = mass of sugar / mass of gum × 100 = 1.7 / 3.7 × 100 = 45.94 (46%)
Molar mass of sugar = C12H22O11 = C=12×12=144 + H=1×22=22 + O=16×11=176 = 342 g/mol
Mass of dissolved sugar to moles = 1.7 g ÷ 342 g/mol = 0.00497 moles
The moles of sugar to molecules of sugar = 0.00497 mole × 6.022 × 10^23 = 2.992934 × 10^21 moleculesIn the given theory using four pieces of gum will exactly be the same to the mass of sugar.2 ÷ 342 g/mol × 1.7 = 0.00994 moles
The mass of the saliva alter the experimental data because it is not possible to remove all the saliva from the surface as it gets stick to the paper which changes the amount of sugar.
Therefore, the percent sugar 46%, and the molar mass of sugar is 342 g/mol, the mass of dissolved sugar to moles is 0.00497 moles of sugar to molecules of sugar is 2.992934 × 10^21 molecules, assuming the sticks of gum were exactly the same mass and sugar content, the moles would double 0.00994 moles.
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Most of the food that organisms eat can be traced back to? .
A. plants
B. soil
C. animals
D. bacteria
Answer:
A. Plants
Explanation:
Plants are producers, which make their own food. Other organisms, such as rodents, birds, and wild cats, are consumers, which receive their energy from plants or other consumers.
An unidentified covalent molecular compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. When 7.40 mg of this compound is burned, 17.80 mg of CO2 and 2.08 mg of H2O are produced.
The freezing point of camphor is lowered by 26.4°C when 3.044 g of the compound is dissolved in 18.00 g of camphor (Kf = 40.0°C kg/mol).
What is the molecular formula of the unidentified compound?
Choose appropriate coefficients in the molecular formula below.
C H O
The molecular formular shows all the atoms in the compound. The molecular formula of the compound is C15H10O5.
What is molecular formula?The molecular formula is the formula of the compound that shows the total number of atoms in a compound.
We know that;
ΔT = K m i
ΔT = 26.4°C
K = 40.0°C kg/mol
m = ?
i = 1
26.4°C = 40.0°C kg/mol * m * 1
m = 26.4°C/40.0°C kg/mol = 0.66 m
We know that
m = mass/molar mass ÷ mass of solvent(in Kg)
Let the molar mass be MM
m = 3.044 g/MM ÷ (18 * 10^-3 Kg)
0.66 m = 3.044 g/0.018MM
0.66 m * 0.018MM = 3.044 g
MM = 3.044 g/0.66 m * 0.018
MM = 256 g/mol
Now;
Mass of C = 17.80 * 10^-3/44 * 12 = 0.00485 g
Moles of C = 0.00485 g/12 g/mol = 0.0004 moles
Mass of H = 2.08 * 10^-3/18 * 2 = 0.0002 g
Moles of H = 0.0002 g/1 g/mol = 0.0002 moles
Mass of O = [7.40 * 10^-3 - (0.00485 + 0.0002)] = 0.00235 g
Moles of O = 0.00235 g/16 g/mol = 0.000147 moles
Divide through by the lowest number of moles;
C - 0.0004/0.000147 H - 0.0002/0.000147 O - 0.000147 /0.000147
C - 3 H - 2 O - 1
The empirical formula is C3H2O
So;
[3(12) + 2(1) + 1(16)]n = 256
[36 + 2 + 16]n = 256
n = 5
Molecular formula = C15H10O5
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Three quantum numbers are derived from Schrodinger’s equation that describe the probability of finding an electron around a nucleus: the principal quantum number, the angular momentum quantum number, and the magnetic quantum number. Explain each quantum number, including associated shapes, numbers, letters, and values in your own words.
Principle: Orbital size & main energy level
Angular: Orbital shape
Magnetic: Orbital orientation
Orbital size is Principle; main energy level is Principle; shape is Angular; orientation is Magnetic
Principle:
imagine a bullseye. each ring shows how far its from the nucleus
Angular:
0 looks like circle
1 looks like a bowtie
2 looks like a flower or 4 leaf clover
3 looks like multiple lobes
Principle Quantum Number: It describes the size of the orbital and the main energy level. It is represented by n. Where, n = 1,2,3,4....stands for K, L, M, N shell and so on..
Angular momentum Quantum Number : It describes the shape of the orbital. It is represented as 'l'. The value of l ranges from 0 to (n-1). For l = 0,1,2,3... the orbitals are s, p, d, f...
Magnetic Quantum Number : It describes the orientation of the orbitals. It is represented as . The value of this quantum number ranges from . When l = 2, the value of will be -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.
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12)
What are the products of photosynthesis?
A)
glucose and oxygen
B)
carbon dioxide and water
C)
carbon dioxide and oxygen
D)
glucose and carbon dioxide
When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, carbon dioxide is evolved.
CaCO3 > CaO + CO2
If 4.74g of calcium carbonate is heated, what volume of CO2 would be produced when collected at STP?
Show all steps (Answer: 1.06L)
If 4.74 g of calcium carbonate is heated, the volume of [tex]CO_2[/tex] that would be produced at STP will be 1.08 L
Volume of gas at STPFrom the equation of the reaction:
[tex]CaCO_3 --- > CaO + CO_2[/tex]
The mole ratio of [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] and [tex]CO_2[/tex] is 1:1
Mole of 4.74 g [tex]CaCO_3[/tex] = 4.74/100 = 0.0474 moles
Equivalent mole of [tex]CO_2[/tex] = 0.0474 moles
1 mole of gas at STP = 22.71 L
0.0474 moles at STP = 22.71 x 0.0474 = 1.08 L
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The elements A and B combine to produce two differenr compounds. A3B and AB2. if 0.18 mol of A3B has a mass of 17.7g and 0.18 mol of Ab2 has a mass of 11.3g calculate the molar masses of both elemts a and b.
Taking into account the definition of a system of linear equations and molar mass, the molar masses of elements A and B are 26.778 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] and 17.998[tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] respectively.
System of linear equationsA system of linear equations is a set of two or more equations of the first degree, in which two or more unknowns are related.
Solving a system of equations consists of finding the value of each unknown so that all the equations of the system are satisfied. That is to say, the values of the unknowns must be sought, with which when replacing, they must give the solution proposed in both equations.
Definition of molar massThe molar mass of substance is a property defined as its mass per unit quantity of substance, in other words, molar mass is the amount of mass that a substance contains in one mole.
The molar mass of a compound (also called Mass or Molecular Weight) is the sum of the molar mass of the elements that form it (whose value is found in the periodic table) multiplied by the number of times they appear in the compound.
Molar masses of elements A and BBeing the molar masses of the compounds:
A₃B: [tex]\frac{17.7 g}{0.18 moles} =[/tex] 98.33 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]AB₂: [tex]\frac{11.3 g}{0.18 moles} =[/tex] 62.77 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]and considering the definition of molar mass of a compound, the system of equations to be solved is
[tex]\left \{ {{3mA + mB=98.33\frac{g}{mole} } \atop {mA + 2mB=62.77\frac{g}{mole} }} \right.[/tex]
where mA and mB are the molar masses of elements A and B respectively.
There are several methods to solve a system of equations, it is decided to solve it using the substitution method, which consists of clearing one of the two variables in one of the equations of the system and substituting its value in the other equation.
Isolating the variable mB from the first equation:
mB= 98.33 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] - 3mA
and substituting in the second equation, you get:
mA + 2× (98.33 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] - 3mA)=62.77[tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]
Solving:
mA + 2× 98.33 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] - 2×3mA=62.77[tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]
mA + 196.66 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] - 6mA=62.77[tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]
mA - 6mA=62.77[tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] - 196.66 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]
(-5)mA= - 133.89 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]
mA= (- 133.89 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] )÷ (-5)
mA= 26.778 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]
Remember that mB= 98.33 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] - 3mA, replacing the value of mA:
mB= 98.33 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] - 3×(26.778 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex])
mB= 80.334 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]
mB= 17.998 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex]
Finally, the molar masses of elements A and B are 26.778 [tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] and 17.998[tex]\frac{g}{mole}[/tex] respectively.
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Problem To Solve:
Scenario: you have a very bad head-ache so you run to the pharmacy to grab some medicine and are immediately over-whelmed with your options. You decide to buy the cheapest option to cure your headache.
Availability:
Excedrin is available as a 200 caplet bottle for $15.51 and each caplet contains 250- mg of acetaminophen (the active ingredient in Excedrin).
Advil is available as a 300 tablet bottle for $15.00 and each tablet contains 200-mg of Ibuprofen (the active ingredient in Advil).
Tylenol is available as a 225 pill bottle for $14.97 and each pill contains 500mg of a paracetamol (the active ingredient in Tylenol).
Dosage Information:
Acetaminophen is dosed as 240 mg per 35 pounds of body mass.
Ibuprofen is dosed at 113 mg per 25 pounds of body mass.
Paracetamol is dosed at 102mg per 15 pounds of body mass.
Active ingredient information:
Acetaminophen has the chemical formula: C8H9NO2
Ibuprofen has the chemical formula C13H18)2.
Paracetamol has the chemical formula C8H9NO2.
How:
Calculate the cost of treating your own headache for each medicine based on your own body weight = 130 pounds.
Clearly write out and organize all the conversion factors, then write out the conversion for each medicine. Once you have concluded the cheapest option for curing your headache, calculate the cost per individual molecule of your pain reliever.
Please help me solve this and write all the conversion factors, and write out the conversion for each medicine. Thank you!
Based on the drug dosage provided, cheapest drug for treating headache is Tylenol at a cost of 3.34×10^-23 $/molecule.
What is a drug dosage?A drug dosage is the amount of a drug taken by an individual that produces a therapeutic effect.
The dosage of each drug is given below:
Acetaminophen is dosed as 240 mg per 35 pounds of body mass.Ibuprofen is dosed at 113 mg per 25 pounds of body mass.Paracetamol is dosed at 102mg per 15 pounds of body mass.Amount of each drug required by individual is as follows:
Acetaminophen = 240 mg/35 × 130 = 891.43 mg
Ibuprofen = 113 mg/25 × 130= 587.6 mg
Paracetamol = 102mg/15 × 130 = 884 mg
Cost of drug per mg of active ingredient is as follows;
Excedrin = $15.51/(200 * 250 mg) = 0.0003102 $/mg
Advil = $15/(300 * 200mg) = 0.00025 $/mg
Tylenol = $14.97/(500mg × 225) = 0.000133 $/mg
Cost of each drug for treatment of headache:
Excedrin = 0.0003102 $/mg × 891.43 mg = $0.278
Advil = 0.00025 $/mg × 587.6 mg = $0.147
Tylenol = 0.000133 $/mg × 884 mg = $0.118
Thus, Tylenol is the cheapest drug for treating headache.
Molar mass of paracetamol = 151 g = 151000 g
There are 6.02 × 10^23 molecules in 151000 mg of paracetamol.
Cost per molecule = 0.000133 $/mg × (15000 mg/6.02 × 10^23)
Cost per molecule = 3.34 × 10^-23 $/molecule
Therefore, the cheapest drug for treating headache is Tylenol at a cost of 3.34×10^-23 $/molecule.
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What is a calcite?
1. mineral
2. erosion
3. marble
4. aragonite
I had no idea what subject I have to put it on. 0_0
HELP ASAP
Answer: 1. Mineral
Explanation:
Calcite is a "white or colorless mineral consisting of calcium carbonate" (Oxford Languages).
By this definition, the answer to your question is option 1.
The image attached is from geology.com and is a picture of calcite.
Titanium is a transition metal used as pins and plates to support badly broken bones. Titanium is extracted from an ore that
contains the mineral titanium oxide. This oxide is converted into titanium chloride. Titanium chloride is heated with sodium to
form titanium metal. This reaction takes place in an atmosphere of a noble gas, such as argon
4Na(s) + TICIO
Ti(s) + 4NaCl(s)
Calculate the mass of titanium that can be extracted from 570 kg of titanium chloride.
Relative atomic masses:
CI 35.5
Ti 48
What is the Mass of titanium (g)
Using the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical reaction, the mass of the Ti is 144Kg.
What is a chemical reaction?The term chemical reaction refers to the combination of two or more substances to yiled one or more products.
The reaction equation here is; 4Na(s) + TICI4---->Ti(s) + 4NaCl(s)
Number of moles of TiCl4 = 570 * 10^3g/190 g/mol = 3000 moles
If 1 mole TiCl4 produces 1 mole of Ti
3000 moles of TiCl4 produces 300o moles of Ti
Mass of Ti produced = 3000 moles * 48 g/mol = 144Kg
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8. Subshells half-filled with electrons are particularly stable. Can you suggest a possible physical basis for this claim?
The stability of atoms whose subshells are half-filled with electrons is due to equilibrium and symmetry.
How does subshells half-filled with electrons confer stability?The stability of an atom of an element depends on the number of electrons in its valence shell.
Atoms whose valence shells are completely filled are particularly stable atoms.
Similarly, subshells half-filled with electrons are particularly stable.
The stability of subshells half-filled with electrons can be explained based on equilibrium and symmetry.
A half-filled subshell distributes the energy of the electrons evenly and symmetrically such that the atom attians stability.
Therefore, stability of subshells half-filled with electrons is due to equilibrium and symmetry.
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Why are polar and non polar liquids immiscible?
Answer:
When both liquid molecules are polar then they can attract one another - which leads to mixing (miscibility).
When the molecular liquid is nonpolar, then the water molecules attract only one another while ignoring the nonpolar liquid. the result is that the two liquids are immiscible.
Explanation:
I hope it helps mark me brainliest^^
Answer:
They lack lack inter-molecular forces to disolve in the polar liquids.
Explanation:
Miscibility is the property of two substances to mix in all proportions (that is, to fully dissolve in each other at any concentration). Polar molecules like water will mix well with some other polar molecules but things like oil which are non polar do not mix well with polar molecules. This is because the oil and water lack inter-molecular forces to keep them mixed.
The two main types of weathering are
a
mechanical and physical
b
physical and kinetic
c
chemical and physical
d
chemical and acidic
Answer:
c. chemical and physical
Best way to deal with calculations in chemistry?
Answer: Look up a video, and they will tell/show you.
What is the phase label on H3O+?
Answer:
I think it’s aq but your choice.
Explanation:
Use this equation: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3, for the following problems:
1. If 2.5 moles of N2 react, how many grams of NH3 can be produced?
2. If 10.0 moles of NH3 are produced, how many grams of H2 would be required?
Use this equation: B2O3 + 3Mg → 3MgO + 2B, for the following problems:
3. How many grams of boron can be obtained from 8 moles of B2O3?
4. How many grams of magnesium are required to produce 4 moles of boron?
Use this equation: S8 + 12O2 → 8SO3, for the following problems:
5. How many grams of oxygen is needed to produce 7.5 moles of sulfur trioxide?
6. How many grams of sulfur trioxide can be produced from 2 moles of octasulfur?
Answer:hop this helps
Explanation:
▲ Two general chemistry students working together in the lab weigh out 0.832 g of CaCl2 2 H2O into a crucible. After heating the sample for a short time and allowing the crucible to cool, the students determine that the sample has a mass of 0.739 g. They then do a quick calculation. On the basis of this calculation, what should they do next? (a) Congratulate themselves on a job well done. (b) Assume the bottle of CaCl2 2 H2O was mislabeled; it actually contained something different. (c) Heat the crucible again, and then reweigh it.
After heating the crucible, cooling, and weighing the sample as 0.739 g, the students should have heated the crucible again and then reweigh the sample until a constant weight is obtained.
Drying samples with cruciblesThe sample being heated, CaCl2 2 H2O, contains water of hydration.
In order to arrive at an anhydrous sample of the salt, all the water molecules must be completely evaporated off by heating.
To do so, the sample should have been heated to constant weight by repeated heating and weighing until there is no longer a change in the weight of the sample.
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How many grams of rock salt, NaCl, do you need to add to a 3.78 kg of ice, to get the temperature
to drop to -19C?
1129.9 grams of rock salt, NaCl needs to be added to a 3.78 kg of ice, to get the temperature to drop to -19C .
What is freezing point depression?Freezing point depression refers to a property of solutions where addition of a solute lowers the normal freezing point of the solvent.
The Blagden's Law given as the equation above is used to determine the freezing point depression of ice:
[tex]ΔT = iK_fm[/tex]where;
ΔT = Change in temperature in °Ci = van 't Hoff factorKf = molal freezing point depression constantm = molality of the solute in mol solute/kg solvent.For NaCl, i = 2
Kf for water/ice = 1.86 °C kg/mol
molalityof NaCl = (mass/molar mass
l)/kg of ice
mass of NaCl = molality × mass of ice × molar massmolar mass of NaCl = 58.5
mass of ice = 3.78 kg
Let molality of NaCl = m
ΔT = 19 °C
Substituting the values:
19 = 2 x 1.86 °C kg/mol x m
m = 5.11 mol/kg
mass of NaCl = 5.11 × 3.78 × 58.5
mass of NaCl = 1129.9 g
Therefore, the mass in grams of rock salt, NaCl that needs to be added to a 3.78 kg of ice, to get the temperature to drop to -19C is 1129.9 g
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If you did not neutralize the saturated citric acid before you poured it down the drain, describe the potential consequences to the plumbing and the environment.
The plumbing will be corroded and could lower the pH of natural water bodies
What is acidic waste water?The term acidic waste water means water that has a low pH due to the presence of an acidic substance inside the waste water. As we know, citric acid has a low pH.
If this acid is disposed without proper neutralization, the plumbing will be corroded due to the fact that the acid will react with the plumbing material.
Also, this acidc waste could lower the pH of natural water bodies when it gets into natural water bodies.
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A gas occupies a volume of 50.0 mL at 27°C. At what temperature, in °C, would the pressure be
101.3 kPa if the volume remains constant?
Answer:
i believe 223
Explanation:
T2 + 500k = 223 C*
m A 10.00g sample of a substance is found to contain 5.12g of water. What is the percent by of water in the compound? A
. 5.12% B. 4.88% C. 48.8% D. 51.2%
Answer:
The answer is D) 51.2%
Explanation:
5.12g of 10.00g of the substance is water:
percentage of water= 5.12 x 10.00 =51.2%
Answer:
b
Explanation:
what best describes the bonding in the compound ICl?
what does rows represent on the periodic table
Answer:
Rows on the periodic table represents a period, which is the number of energy levels or rings. It is the last shell which valence electrons are on.
For example the first row waas Hydrogen and Helium which each have one energy level.
The esecond row has Carbon and Oxygen which has two energy level.
The third row has Sodium which has three energy levels and so on.
A heterogeneous mixture is:
A. composed of atoms bonded together.
B. composed of different parts that are indistinguishable in their color, texture, or appearance.
C. composed of only one type of element.
D. composed of different parts that are distinguishable in their color, texture, or appearance.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout.
Same thing letter B says.
3.Using Balanced Equations: C5H12+802–5CO2+6H20
A. If you have 358.4 Liters of O2 gas then what's the volume of CO2
b. If you have 360 grams of C5H12 then what's the mass of H2O
Answer:
i think b is the answer hope this helps:))
How many grams of aluminum will be deposited by 0.1F? (Al=27) a.0.3g b. 0.9. c. 9.0g. d. 2.7g
Based on the charge on the aluminium ion, 0.9 g of aluminium are deposited by 0.1 F of electricity.
What is electrolysis?Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance known as an electrolyte when electric current is passed through it.
The mass and hence moles an electrolyte deposited when current is passed through it depends on the charge on the ion.
Aluminium ion has a charge of +3 and requires 3F of electricity to deposit 1 mole or 27 g of aluminium
0.1 F will discharge = 0.1/3 × 27 g of aluminium
mass of aluminium deposited = 0.9 g of aluminium.
Therefore, 0.9 g of aluminium are deposited by 0.1 F of electricity.
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I need help it’s calculating ph
100.0 grams of water at 4.0°C is heated until its temperature is 37°C. If the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g°C, calculate the amount of heat energy needed to cause this rise in temperature.
The amount of heat energy needed to cause the rise in temperature of the water initially at 4 degreess Celsius is 13,794 J.
Heat required to raise the temperature of the water
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of the water is calculated as follows;
Q = mcΔθ
where;
m is mass of the waterc is heat capacityΔθ is change in temperatureQ = 100 x 4.18 x (37 - 4)
Q = 13,794 J
Thus, the amount of heat energy needed to cause the rise in temperature of the water initially at 4 degreess Celsius is 13,794 J.
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Please Help! Chemistry questions below!
So
Moles of Oxygen:-
44.7/321.396mol3 mol of O_2 produces 2 mol SO_2
1 mol of ao_2 produces 2/3=0.6mol So_2
1.396 mol produces 0.8376mol SO_2
Mass of SO_2
0.8376(64)53.6gHow us butan -2-ol prepared from ethanal by using grignard reagent?
Answer:
Grignard reagents are made through the addition of magnesium metal to alkyl or alkenyl halides. The halide can be Cl, Br, or I (not F). It’s slightly easier to make Grignards from the iodides and bromides, however. Note what’s happening here – the magnesium is “inserting” itself between the carbon and the halide. This halide the “X” referred to when we refer to Grignard reagents as “RMgX”.
formation-of-grignard-reagents-from-alkyl-or-alkenyl-halides
Reaction Of Grignard Reagents With Aldehydes To Give Secondary Alcohols
One of the most common uses of Grignard reagents is in their reaction with aldehydes and ketones to form alcohols. In the first step, the Grignard forms the carbon-carbon bond. This results in an alkoxide (the conjugate base of an alcohol). To form the alcohol, it’s necessary to add acid at the end of the reaction (in what’s called the “workup” step). This is shown here as “H3O+” (the “X” is just the counter-ion, a spectator here)
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-aldehydes-to-give-secondary-alcohols
Reaction Of Grignard Reagents With Ketones To Give Tertiary Alcohols
The reaction behaves similarly with ketones. Again, there’s nothing special about the Cl here – it all depends on how you made the Grignard in the first place.
eaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-ketones-to-give-tertiary-alcohols
Grignards Add Twice To Esters And Acid Halides
Grignard reagents will also add to esters. What makes these reactions a little more complicated is that they add twice. The net result (after addition of acid) is a tertiary alcohol. This is also the case for acid halides (acyl halides) and anhydrides. One notable exception is carboxylic acids (more on that below).
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-esters-to-give-tertiary-alcohols-double-addition
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-acid-halides-to-give-tertiary-alcohols-double-addition
Addition Of Grignard Reagents To Epoxides
Another important reaction of Grignard reagents is that they will add to epoxides to form carbon-carbon bonds. One thing to keep in mind here is that the tendency is for them to add to the less substituted end of the epoxide – that is, the less sterically hindered end. You can think of this reaction as being essentially similar to an SN2 reaction. After addition of acid, an alcohol is obtained.
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-epoxides-to-give-alcohols
Reaction Of Grignard Reagents With Carbon Dioxide To Give Carboxylic Acids
Grignard reagents also add to carbon dioxide (CO2) to form carboxylates, in a reaction similar to their reactions with ketones and aldehydes. The carboxylates are converted to carboxylic acids after addition of acid (such as our trusty H3O(+) ).
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-co2-carbon-dioxide-to-give-carboxylic-acids
Grignard Reagents Are Strong Bases – Protonation (And Deuteration)
Finally, since Grignard reagents are essentially the conjugate bases of alkanes, they’re also extremely strong bases. This means that sometimes acid-base reactions can compete with their nucleophilic addition reactions. One common situation where this crops up is when Grignard reagents are added to carboxylic acids. It’s easy to forget that carboxylic acids… are acids. This means that instead of adding to the carbonyl, they react with the proton instead and form the carboxylate salt.
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-acidic-hydrogens-acids-to-incorporate-h-and-deuterium
This can also be used to convert alkyl halides to alkanes. First you treat it with magnesium, and then you treat the Grignard with a strong acid. This gives you the alkane. You can also use this to introduce deuterium (D) into molecules! The first step is to make the Grignard reagent. The second is to treat that Grignard with a deuterated acid such as D2O. This gives you the deuterated alkane!
Mechanism: Addition Of Grignard Reagents To Aldehydes And Ketones
So how does it work? The key to the Grignard reagent is actually very simple. When you think about the relative electronegativities of carbon (2.5) and magnesium (1.1), the bond between carbon and magnesium is polarized toward carbon. That means that carbon is more electron rich than magnesium and is actually nucleophilic! Here’s a closer look.
mechanism-for-addition-of-grignard-reagents-to-aldehydes-or-ketones
In the reaction of Grignards with aldehydes, the carbon attacks the carbonyl carbon and performs a 1,2-addition to give an alkoxide. In the second step, acid is added to give you the alcohol.
